Infection with Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common cause or risk factor for cervical cancer. These viruses are transmitted during sexual intercourse, as well as via oral or anal sex. Any female who has ever been sexually active is at potential risk.

Other risk factors include:

• Onset of sexual activity before age 20
• Multiple sexual partners(>2)
• A history of sexually transmitted infections or other co-infections eg immunosuppression/ HIV
• Cigarette smoking is a co-factor associated with an increased incidence of cervix cancer