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Gout

Gout - What it is

Gout is a condition that causes sudden, excruciating pain and swelling in the affected joints, particularly in the big toe. It is a metabolic disorder caused by an excessive amount of uric acid in the blood.

Gout can also arise from a high protein and fat diet and also alcohol. When the kidneys are unable to excrete the excess uric acid, it may end up being deposited as crystals in the joints. If left untreated, the joints may be damaged resulting in  deformity and restricted mobility even after an acute attack has subsided.

What happens when you have Gout?

In some people, there is an abnormality in the metabolism of purine, a chemical compound found in many foods, leading to high levels of uric acid in the blood, far more than what the kidneys can excrete into the urine.

The excess uric acid in the blood is deposited as uric acid crystals in the joint cartilage, tendons and other surrounding tissues. The uric acid crystals irritate the synovial membrane that covers the joints, resulting in redness, pain and swelling. The joints commonly affected by gout are the big toe, foot, ankle, knee, elbow and wrist.

Stages of Gout

Patients with gout do not suffer from continuous pain all the time. They experience sudden joint pains from “acute attacks”. When the acute attacks subside, they may feel well for months or even years, but the attacks may recur and become more frequent.

From a medical point of view, there are 4 stages of gout:

1. Asymptomatic phase 

Patients have elevated levels of uric acid in the blood, but do not experience any pain or swelling. Not all patients with high uric acid will have an acute attack.

2. Acute gout 

At this stage, uric acid crystals are deposited around the joint, causing sudden swelling and intense pain. This is commonly referred to as gout attack.

3. “Interval” gout 

In between gout attacks, patients may not experience any symptoms and will have normal joint function. The uric acid level remains high.

4. Chronic gout 

If treatment is not sought, years of gout attacks will cause damage to the affected joints, leading to deformity, chronic pain, and immobility.

Elevated levels of uric acid may be deposited as crystals in the kidney forming uric acid kidney stones. These uric acid kidney stones, like the regular ones, may cause pain, obstruction to the flow of urine and infection. Clumps of uric acid crystals called tophi, can form around joints, tendon, ligaments and even in ear lobes of patients with chronic gout.

Gout - Symptoms

The first sign of a gout attack is often a sudden, warm and throbbing pain of the affected joint. Within a few hours, this can rapidly escalate into excruciating pain, accompanied by swelling and redness of the joint. During this period, the skin around the joint will also be very tender and sensitive, setting off extreme pain at the slightest touch. Patients with an acute attack find walking very difficult and painful.

In the chronic stage, patients may have persistent pain, reduced function of the affected joint and occasionally tophi around the joints. Many patients with chronic gout have impaired kidney function or kidney failure, and hypertension.

Gout - How to prevent?

​Diet and exercise will help prevent gout flares. This may include weight loss, reducing intake of food which are rich in purines and avoiding excessive alcohol. Your doctor may also prescribe appropriate gout treatment to reduce the inflammation and lower the blood uric acid level.

Gout - Causes and Risk Factors

Gout often runs in families because of a genetic connection. Most people with gout have their first attack between the ages of 30 to 40. The majority are men, although women may develop the condition after menopause. This is because the female hormone known as oestrogen can help to excrete uric acid from the body. Other diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, leukaemia, and kidney disorders and certain medications can also cause gout.

Gout is also linked to obesity and drugs like diuretics. 

Gout - Diagnosis

If the patient exhibits the symptoms and signs of a gout attack, the doctor can confirm the diagnosis by physical examination and blood tests. X-rays can help in the assessment of the amount of bone and joint damage.

The most definitive test is a joint aspiration, where a needle is inserted in a swollen joint to obtain a sample of the joint fluid, for the examination of uric acid crystals.

Gout - Treatments

There is currently no cure for gout but the symptoms and its progression can be controlled by a combination of medication and special diet.

1. Medication

NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or COX-2 inhibitors (eg. Celebrex and Arcoxia) are often prescribed to reduce the pain, swelling, and stiffness that result from the gout attack. Colchicine is also very effective in relieving the acute pain and can be taken two or three times a day. Colchicine can also be used to prevent acute attacks. A short course of steroids like prednisolone is also very effective in relieving an acute attack.

Often, a combination of drugs is used to treat the symptoms. To control gout in the long-term, other medication may be prescribed. Allopurinol, which reduces the production of uric acid, is often used. Such drugs need to be taken for the long term in order to control the uric acid level and prevent further acute attacks. Your doctor can advise you on the medication you need.

2. Diet

To further reduce the level of uric acid in the blood, a special low-purine diet is recommended. Foods that are high in purine, such as alcohol, liver, kidneys, salmon, sardine, dry beans, bean curd and soya bean drink should be
avoided, and daily intake of protein-rich food like red meat should be limited. It is essential to seek advice from a dietician for complete details. Overweight and obese patients need to go on a supervised weight loss programme. However, fasting and crash diets are not recommended as they aggravate the condition.

3. Surgery

Surgery is rarely used to treat gout. It is sometimes required when there is a need to remove infected tophi or tophi that interferes with joint movement. Tophi tend to recur unless hyperuricaemia (high uric acid in the blood) is corrected. In patients with extremely painful joints like the big toe or knee, an injection of steroid directly into the joints may be helpful. 

Gout - Preparing for surgery

Gout - Post-surgery care

Gout - Other Information

​Finally, download a copy of our flyers which examine gout in greater detail in your preferred language:
Gout.pdf

痛风.pdf
The information provided is not intended as medical advice. Terms of use. Information provided by SingHealth

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