Understanding Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects movement control. It is characterised by the gradual degeneration of neurons in a specific area of the brain known as the substantia nigra. These neurons produce dopamine, a neurotransmitter crucial for transmitting signals within the brain that coordinate smooth and balanced muscle movements.

One of the hallmark symptoms of Parkinson’s disease is tremor, often starting in a hand or fingers. Tremors typically occur at rest and may decrease when the affected part is in use. Another common symptom is bradykinesia, or slowness of movement, which can make simple tasks difficult and time-consuming. Rigidity, or stiffness of the limbs and trunk, and postural instability, which leads to impaired balance and coordination, are also prominent features.

The exact cause of Parkinson’s disease remains unknown, but research suggests that a combination of genetic and environmental factors may contribute to its development. While a small percentage of cases are hereditary, the majority occur sporadically. Certain risk factors, such as advancing age and exposure to environmental toxins, have been linked to a higher likelihood of developing the disease.

While there is currently no cure for Parkinson’s disease, various treatments can help manage its symptoms and improve quality of life. Medications that increase dopamine levels in the brain are commonly prescribed and can provide significant relief from motor symptoms. Levodopa, often combined with carbidopa, is the most effective medication for many patients. Other medications, such as dopamine agonists and MAO-B inhibitors, may also be used.

In addition to medication, lifestyle changes and supportive therapies play a vital role in managing Parkinson’s disease. Regular exercise can help maintain mobility and balance, while physical, occupational, and speech therapy can address specific challenges related to movement, daily activities, and communication. For some individuals, surgical options such as deep brain stimulation (DBS) may be considered when medications are no longer effective in controlling symptoms.

Living with Parkinson’s disease can be challenging, but with appropriate medical care and support, many individuals can lead fulfilling lives. Ongoing research continues to advance our understanding of the disease, offering hope for improved treatments and, ultimately, a cure. Awareness and education about Parkinson’s disease are crucial in providing the necessary support and resources for those affected by this condition:

Parkinson's Disease.pdf