Prof Lee Tih Shih

Prof Lee Tih Shih is a Senior Consultant in the Department of Psychiatry. He is also a Professor at Duke-NUS Medical School in Singapore, and Duke University Medical School in USA.

Sub-specialty clinical interests are: neuropsychiatry, behavioural neurology and complex brain disorders. These include the neuropsychiatric manifestations of autoimmune disorders (e.g. systemic lupus erythematosus and limbic encephalitis), epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Tourette's disorder, atypical dementias, and other rare neuropsychiatric disorders secondary to medical conditions. However, he does not take on forensic or compensation cases.

His research interests are in the genomic and molecular characterization of complex brain disorders, and in developing Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) technologies for treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders, for which he has been awarded numerous competitive research grants and patents.

• Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) Yale University, New Haven, USA
• Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) Yale University, New Haven, USA.  Dissertation: Genomic and Pathophysiological Characterization of Human Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
• Board Certification, American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology, USA
• Sub-Specialty Certification in Behavioral Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, UCNS, USA
• Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Canada, F.R.C.P.(Can.)
• Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, F.R.C.P.(Edin.)

• Chair, Section of Neuropsychiatry, Academy of Medicine, Singapore
• ​Deputy Chief Examiner for Psychiatry Exit Examinations, Ministry of Health, Singapore
• Examiner for Royal College of Psychiatrists, United Kingdom
• Senior Consultant in the Department of Psychiatry
• Professor - Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
• Professor - Duke University Medical School, USA

​Behavioral Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Complex brain disorders, Psychosomatic and cognitive disorders

1. Lee T, Renaud, E, Hills, O. Emergency psychiatry: an emergency treatment hub-and-spoke model for psychiatric emergency services. Psychiatr Serv. 2003 Dec;54(12):1590-1, 1594
   
2. Lee T, Lee TD, Lombroso PJ, King RA. Atomoxetine and Tics in ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004 Sep;43(9):1068-9
   
3. Lee T, Eid T, Mane S, Kim J, Spencer D, Ottersen O, de Lanerolle N. Aquaporin-4 is increased in the sclerotic hippocampus in human temporal lobe epilepsy. Acta Neuropathol. 2004  Dec;108(6):493-502
   
4. Eid T, Lee T (joint first authors), Thomas MJ, Amiry-Moghaddam M, Bjornsen LP, Spencer DD, Agre P, Ottersen OP, de Lanerolle NC. Loss of perivascular aquaporin 4 may underlie deficient water and K+ homeostasis in the human epileptogenic hippocampus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005 Jan 25;102(4):1193-8.
   
5. Lee T, Hills, O. Psychodynamic Understanding and Therapeutic Alliance in the Psychiatric Emergency Room. Acad. Psychiatry 2005 Feb 29: 105-106.
   
6. Lee T, Hills, O. Psychodynamic Understanding in Collaborative Treatment. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 2005 Mar; 11:2, 97-101.
   
7. De Lanerolle, N, Lee, T. New Facets of the Neuropathology and Molecular Profile of Human Temporal Lobe Epilepsy, Epilepsy and Behavior, 2005, Sep: 2: 190-203.
   
8. Lee, T, Bjornsen, L, Paz, C, Kim, J, Spencer, S, Spencer, D, Eid, T, de Lanerolle, N.GAT1 and GAT3 expression are difffently localized in the human epileptogenic hippocampus. Acta Neuropathol. 2006 Feb 3;1-13
   
9. Srihari, V, Lee, T, Rohrbaugh, R, D'Souza, D. Revisiting cycloid psychosis: A case of acute, transient and recurring psychotic disorder. Schizophr Res. 2006 Feb 28;82(2-3):261-4
   
10. Eid T, Hammer J, Runden-Pran E, Roberg B, Thomas MJ, Osen K, Davanger S, Laake P, Torgner IA, Lee TS, Kim JH, Spencer DD, Ottersen OP, de Lanerolle NC. Increased expression of phosphate-activated glutaminase in hippocampal neurons in human mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Acta Neuropathol. 2007 Feb;113(2):137-52.
    
11. Lee T, Hills OF. A psychodynamic perspective on relational structures. J Psychiatr Pract. 2006 Sep;12(5):317-9.
    
12. Lee T, Mane S, Tore E, Zhao H, Lin A, Schweitzer J, King-Stephens D, Weber P, Spencer S, Spencer D, de Lanerolle N. Gene Expression in Human Temporal Lobe Epilepsy is consistent with Increased Release of Glutamate by Astrocytes. Mol Med. 2007 Jan-Feb. 13(1-2)1-13.
    
13. Lee J, Lee T, Ng BY. Reflections on a mass homicide. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2007 Jun;36(6):444-7.
    
14. Sin G, Lee T. Psychotic and cognitive symptoms in idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome. Acta Neuropsych, Feb 2008, Vol. 20:1 53-54.
    
15. Lee T, Ng BY. Multiple embolic phenomenon in the brain associated with parenteral buprenorphine abuse. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2008 Spring;20(2):235-7
    
16. Lee J, Teoh T, Lee T. Catatonia and psychosis associated with sibutramine: a case report and pathophysiologic correlation. J Psychosom Res. 2008 Jan;64(1):107-9.
    
17. Tor PC, Lee T.  Delirium with psychotic features possibly associated with mesotherapy. Psychosomatics. 2008 May-Jun;49(3):273-4.
    
18. Lee T, Ng BY, Lee WL. Neuropsychiatry: An Emerging Field. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2008 Jul;37(7):601-5.
    
19. Srihari V, Lee T. Pulmonary Embolism with clozapine, an evidence based approach. BMJ. 2008 Jun 28;336(7659):1499-501     
    
20. Tore E,  Ghosh A, Wang Y, Henning B,  Hitten P. Zaveri, Lee T, Lai J, Malthankar-Phatak G, de Lanerolle N. Recurrent seizures and brain pathology after inhibition of glutamine synthetase in the hippocampus in rats. Brain. 2008 Aug;131(Pt 8):2061-70.
    
21. Eid T, Williamson A, Lee T, Petroff O, de Lanerolle N. Glutamate and Astrocytes – Key Players in Human Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2008;49 Suppl 2:42-52.
    
22. Lee T. Delirium associated with NK T Cell lymphoma without overt CNS involvement. Acta Neuropsychiatrica, 2009. Apr:21(2):102-104.
    
23. Lee T. Transient and spontaneously remitting complex hallucinations in a patient with melanoma and brain metastases. Psychosomatics. 2010 May;51(3):267-70
    
24. Lee T, Poon S, Chang P. Dissimilar neuropsychiatric presentations of two siblings with Juvenile Neuronal Ceroid-Lupofuscinosis. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2010 Winter 22: 123.
    
25. Lee T. Psychiatric manifestations in Churg-Strauss Syndrome. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2009 Spring; 21(2):231-2.
    
26. Feng L, Yap, Lin-Kiat P,  Lee T, Ng TP. Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Population-based Study. Asia-Pacific Psychiatry 2009 Jun 1:1;23-25.
    
27. Lim CG, Lee T, Guan C, Fung D, Cheung YB, Teng SSW, Zhang H, Krishnan KR. Effectiveness of a Brain-Computer Interface Based Programme for Treating ADHD: A Pilot Study. Neuropsychopharmacology 2009, 36, S75–S197.
    
28. Chua SM, Lee T. Huntington's disease, behavioral dyscontrol and culpability. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2010 Fall;22(4):451-f.e10-451.e11
    
29. Fam J, Lee T, Lee HY, Ng BY. Approach to treatment of catatonia in neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. J ECT. 2010 Jun;26(2):143-4.
    
30. Lee T, Chua S, Ly D, Song W. Genomic and Molecular characterization of Alzheimer Disease. Curr Psych Reviews. 2010 May 6(2):104-113
    
31. Lee T, Krishnan R. Psychogenomics and psychiatric practice, a new paradigm. CurrPsych Reviews 2010 May 6(2):71-73
    
32. Lee T, Krishnan R. Alzheimer's Disease – An inexorable epidemic. Ann Acad Med Singapore. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2010 Jul;39(7):505-2
    
33. De Lanerolle N, Lee T, Eid T. Genomic Expression in the Epileptogenic Hippocampus and Psychiatric Co-morbidities. Curr Psych Reviews 2010 May 6(2):135-144
    
34. Lim, CG, Lee TS, Guan C, Sheng Fung DS, Cheung YB, Teng SS, Zhang H, Krishnan KR Effectiveness of a Brain-Computer Interface Based Programme for the Treatment of ADHD: A Pilot Study. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2010;43(1):73-82
    
35. Kang S, Lee T. White Matter Abnormalities in Major Depression: Evidence From Post Mortem, Neuroimaging And Genetic Studies. J Affect Disord, 2011 Jul;132(1-2):26-36
    
36. Lee T., Teng JY. Neuropsychiatric aspects of H1N1 encephalitis. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2011, Spring:23(2):E7-8
    
37. De Lanerolle N, Lee T, Spencer D. Astrocytes and Epilepsy. Neurotherapeutics.2010 Oct 7:424-438.
    
38. Lee T, Teng S, Zhang H, Zhao Y, Lim CG, Guan CT, Fung D, Cheung YB, Krishnan KR. EEG Predictors of Response to Brain Computer Interface Treatment in ADHD. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011, 36, S75–S197.
    
39. Lee T, Goh L, Chong MS, Chua SM, Lei F, Lim WS, Chan M, Ng TP, Krishnan KR. Downregulation of TOMM40 expression in the blood of Alzheimer disease subjects compared with matched controls. J Psychiatr Res. 2012 Jun;46(6):828-30.
    
40. Lee J, Goh L, Tan CH, Lee T. Analysis of blood-based gene expression signature in first episode psychosis. Psychiatry Res. 2012 Apr 12.
    
41. Teh CA, Lee T, Kuchibhatla M, Ashley-Koch A, Macfall J, Krishnan R, Beyer J. Bipolar Disorder, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Val66Met Poly-morphism and Brain Morphology. PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e38469. Epub 2012 Jul 30.
    
42. Eid T, Behar K, Dhaher R, Bumanglag AV, Lee T. Roles of Glutamine Synthetase Inhibition in Epilepsy. Neurochem Res. 2012 Apr 10.
    
43. Lauritzen F, Heuser K, de Lanerolle NC, Lee T, Spencer DD, Kim JH, Gjedde A, Eid T, Bergersen LH. Redistribution of monocarboxylate transporter 2 on the surface of astrocytes in the human epileptogenic hippocampus. Glia. 2012 Apr 25.
    
44. Lee T, Assam P, Gersing K, Chan E, Burchett B, Sim K, Feng L, Krishnan KR, Rush AJ. The Effectiveness of Antidepressant Monotherapy in a Naturalistic Outpatient Setting. Prim Care Com-panion CNS Disord. 2012;14(5)
    
45. Feng L, Chong MS, Lim WS, Lee TS, Collinson SL, Yap P, Ng TP. Metabolic syndrome and amnestic mild cognitive impairment: Singapore longitudinal ageing study-2 findings. J Alzheimers Dis. 2013;34(3):649-57. doi: 10.3233/JAD-121885.
    
46. Chong MS, Goh LK, Lim WS, Chan M, Tay L, Chen G, Feng L, Ng TP, Tan CH, Lee TS. Gene expression profiling of peripheral blood leukocytes shows consistent longitudinal downregulation of TOMM40 and upregulation of KIR2DL5A, PLOD1, and SLC2A8 among fast progressors in early Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2013 Jan 1;34(2):399-405.
    
47. Feng L, Li J, Kua EH, Lee TS, Yap KB, John Rush A, Ng TP. Association between tea consumption and depressive symptoms in older Chinese adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012 Dec;60(12):2358-60
    
48. Eid T, Lee T, Wang Y, Perez E, Drummond J, Lauritzen F, Bergersen L, Meador-Woodruff J, Spencer D, de Lanerolle N, Cullum-Smith R. Gene expression of glutamate metabolizing enzymes in the hippocampal formation in human temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2013 Feb;54(2):228-38
    
49. Lim CG, Lee TS, Guan C, Fung DS, Zhao Y, Teng SS, Zhang H, Krishnan KR. A brain-computer interface based attention training program for treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e46692. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046692. Epub 2012 Oct 24.
    
50. Ting SKS, Chong MS, Kandiah N, Hameed S, Tan L, Au WL, Prakash K, Ratnagopal P, Lee T, Foo JN, Bei JX, Yu XQ, Liu JJ, Zhao Y, Lee WL, Tan EK. Absence of A673T amyloid-b precursor protein variant in Alzheimer's disease and other neurological diseases. Neurobiol Aging. 2013 Oct;34(10):2441.e7-8.
    
51. Eid T, Tu N, Lee TS, Lai JC. Regulation of astrocyte glutamine synthetase in epilepsy. Neurochem Int. 2013 Jun 18.
    
52. Lee T, Goh ASJ, Quek SY, Phillips R, Guan CT, Cheung YB, Feng L, Teng SZW, Wang CC, Zheng YC, Zhang HH, Ng TP, Lee J, Keefe R, Krishnan KKR. A Brain-computer Interface Based Cognitive Training System for Healthy Elderly: A Randomized Control Pilot Study for Usability and Preliminary Efficacy. PLoSOne 2013 Nov 18;8(11):e79419.doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079419.
    
53. Lee T, Quek SY, Krishnan KKR. Molecular imaging for Depressive Disorders. Am J Neuroradiology AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2014 Jun;35(6 Suppl):S44-54
    
54. Wan YM, Ting SKS, Lo YL, Lee T, Infection, the caudate and movement disorder. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2013 Dec;47(12):1206-7.
    
55. Lee T, Predictive Genetic Testing for Alzheimer's disease. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2014 September;43(9):437-8.
    
56. Cheung YB, Xu Y, Feng L, Feng L, Nyunt MS, Chong MS, Lim WS, Lee TS, Yap P, Yap KB, Ng TP. Unconditional and Conditional Standards Using Cognitive Function Curves for the Modified Mini-Mental State Exam: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analyses in Older Chinese Adults in Singapore. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014 Aug 28. pii: S1064-7481(14)00244-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jagp.2014.08.008
    
57. Ng TP, Feng L, Yap KB, Lee TS, Tan CH, Winblad B. Long-term metformin usage and cognitive function among older adults with diabetes. J Alzheimers Dis. 2014;41(1):61-8. doi: 10.3233/JAD-131901.
    
58. Goh LK, Lim WS, Teo S, Vijayaraghavan A, Chan M, Tay L, Ng TP, Tan CH, Lee TS, Chong MS.TOMM40 Alterations in Alzheimer's Disease Over a 2-Year Follow-Up Period. J Alzheimers Dis. 2014 Sep 8.
    
59. Eid T, Lee T. Reassessing the role of astrocytes in ammonia neurotoxicity. Nat Med. 2013 Dec;19(12):1572-4. doi: 10.1038/nm.3420.
    
60. Woon PS, Sum MY, Kuswanto C, Yang GL, Sitoh YY, Soong TW, Lee T, Nowinski WL, Sim K. CACNA1C Genomewide Supported Psychosis Genetic Variation Affects Cortical Brain White Matter Integrity in Chinese Patients With Schizophrenia. J Clin Psych (in press)
    
61. Lee TS, Quek SY, Goh SJ, Phillips R, Guan C, Cheung YB, Feng L, Wang CC, Chin ZY, Zhang H, Lee J, Ng TP, Krishnan KR. (2015)  Clin Interv Aging 2015. Jan 9;10:217-27. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S73955.
    
62. Ng TP, Feng L, Lim WS, Chong MS, Lee TS, Yap KB, Tsoi T, Liew TM, Gao Q, Collinson S, Kandiah N, Yap P. (2015) Montreal Cognitive Assessment for screening mild cognitive impairment: variations in test performance and scores by education in Singapore. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 39(3-4):176-doi: 10.1159/000368827
    
63. Rawtaer I, Gao Q, Nyunt MS, Feng L, Chong MS, Lim WS, Lee TS, Yap P, Yap KB, Ng TP. Psychosocial Risk and Protective Factors and Incident Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Community Dwelling Elderly: Findings from the Singapore Longitudinal Ageing Study. J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;57(2):603-611. doi: 10.3233/JAD-160862.
    
64. Ng TP, Feng L, Nyunt MS, Feng L, Gao Q, Lim ML, Collinson SL, Chong MS, Lim WS, Lee TS, Yap P, Yap KB. Metabolic Syndrome and the Risk of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Progression to Dementia: Follow-up of the Singapore Longitudinal Ageing Study Cohort. JAMA Neurol. 2016 Apr;73(4):456-63. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.4899
    
65. Eid T, Gruenbaum SE, Dhaher R, Lee T, Zhou Y, Danbolt NC. The Glutamate-Glutamine Cycle in Epilepsy. Adv Neurobiol. 2016;13:351-400.
    
66. Yee JY, Nurjono M, Teo SR, Lee TS, Lee J. GAD1 Gene Expression in Blood of Patients with First-Episode Psychosis. PLoS One. 2017 Jan 25;12(1):e0170805. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170805. eCollection 2017.
    
67. Lee J, Nurjono M, Lee TS. Levels of Serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Schizophrenia. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2016 Aug; 204(8):636-9.
    
68. Tan YJ, Ng ASL, Vipin A, Lim, JKW, Chander RJ, Ji F, Qiu YW, Ting SKS, Hameed S, Lee TS, Zeng L, Kandiah N*, Zhou J*.  Higher peripheral TREM2 mRNA levels relate to cognitive deficits and hippocampal atrophy in AD and aMCI. J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;58(2):413-423. doi: 10.3233/JAD-161277
    
69. Ho NF, Chong JS, Koh HL, Koukouna E, Lee TS, Fung D, Lim CG, Zhou J. Intrinsic Affective Network Is Impaired in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. PLoS One. 2015 Sep 25;10(9):e0139018. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139018. eCollection 2015.